Background and Objectives: To determine if primary esophageal cancer (EsoCa) characteristics were related to unique Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) symptom reports.
Methods: Records of patients with EsoCa receiving chemoradiation therapy (CRT) were retrospectively screened against a single institutional ESAS database. The majority of patients received concurrent folinic acid, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) and 5.5 weeks of radiation therapy (RT) to 50.4-56.0 Gy. During treatment, patients completed a weekly ESAS survey. Relationships between clinical variables and ESAS scores were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test and variables were correlated using Kendall’s tau-b tests.
Results: A total of 87 patients with EsoCa receiving CRT completed ESAS between February 2017 and July 2019 with 41 completing ≥ 3 ESAS surveys (median = 5, mean = 5.6, range = 3-12). In this cohort, 75.3% were men (n = 31) and 95.1% were White/Caucasian (n = 39). Seven patients had cervical lesions (17.1%), four (9.8%) middle, and 30 (73.2%) distal. A total of 72.5% of patients had adenocarcinoma (n = 29). Tiredness had the highest median ESAS score (4.00, median total score 22.4). Patients with middle lesions were more likely to experience pain (4.25 vs 0.5, P = 0.038) and drowsiness (2.5 vs 0, P = 0.022). Distal and cervical lesions did not demonstrate statistically significant relationships.
Conclusion: In this analysis of patient reported outcomes (PRO) in EsoCa, patients with middle esophageal lesions were more likely to experience pain and drowsiness.
Meaningful patient-centered care requires the measurement of patient concerns and implementation of tailored clinical solutions. To personalize therapy informed by the patient perspective, objective clinical data is ideally combined with collection and assessment of patient-reported outcomes (PROs). In addition to providing actionable symptom burden data for intervention, PROs have been shown to correlate with diagnosis,1,2 radiographic response to treatment,3 and early identification of disease progression.4
Our center has been collecting PRO data using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) for several years in our radiation oncology and supportive care clinics. We have previously discussed the role of ESAS data in unselected RT patients5 and in specific cohorts with retroperitoneal sarcoma6 and multiple myeloma.7 Recently we have assessed the role of PRO in clinical scenarios such as anemia.8
The value of PROs to assess treatment-related toxicity and the effects of palliative chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy (RT) on the quality of life for patients with esophageal cancer has been confirmed.9 However, PROs are also more likely than clinical outcome measures to provide information pertinent to the functioning of patients with esophageal cancer.10 Patterns in the PROs of esophageal cancer populations may provide a basis to anticipate symptoms and provide proactive targeted treatment and increased support.11 We were interested in investigating the role of PROs, specifically ESAS, in EsoCa because of the disparate clinical behavior of lesions by location within the organ. For instance, neck masses, odynophagia, hoarseness or referred otalgia12 may be noted by patients with cervical lesions. Retrosternal pain may be due to mediastinal invasion of middle esophageal lesions. Advanced lesions of the distal esophagus often present solely with dysphagia and weight loss.13 Very few studies exist describing the relationship between clinical characteristics and ESAS scores in patients being treated with chemoradiation therapy (CRT) for esophageal cancer.
We analyzed our institutional ESAS data to better characterize associations of patient-reported symptoms with esophageal cancer location, since earlier identification and control of esophageal symptoms may reduce patient burden and help avoid unplanned hospitalizations or need for IV fluid interventions.
After institutional review board approval, we performed a single-institution retrospective analysis of records of patients with EsoCa receiving RT with concurrent chemotherapy. These were compared with the institutional ESAS database and pertinent data collated. Patients coded as having gastroesophageal junction lesions were excluded to reflect pure esophageal treatment since, typically, less of the esophageal mucosa is involved in the 50.4 Gy field during treatment of these lesions. Patients were assessed for gender, marital status, vital status, histology, and tumor location, which were then analyzed to determine relationships between these variables and ESAS scores. Remaining patient characteristics are available in Table 1.
The majority of patients received concurrent FOLFOX (folinic acid/fluroruracil/oxaliplatin) with 5.5 weeks of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) to 50.4-56.0 Gy in 1.8-2.0 Gy/fraction.14-16 Patients on treatment were evaluated weekly by the staff radiation oncologist; on this visit they routinely completed an ESAS survey.
Relationships between clinical variables and ESAS scores were analyzed using the Mann Whitney U test, and correlations between variables were calculated by Kendall’s tau-b tests performed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software.
A total of 87 patients with EsoCa were identified who completed ESAS between February 2017 and July 2019. Of these patients, 41 completed ≥ 3 ESAS surveys (median = 5, mean 5.6, range 3-12) while on treatment and form the cohort further analyzed.
As outlined in Table I, most patients were men (75.6%, n = 31) and White/Caucasian (n = 95.1%, n = 39). Seven (17.1%) patients had cervical esophageal lesions, four (9.8%) had middle lesions and 30 (73.2%) had distal lesions. Most patients had adenocarcinoma (70.1%, n = 29). The ESAS item with the highest median score was tiredness (4.00) with a median total score of 22.4. Patients in this study were noted to lose 3.5% of their body weight after treatment.
Patients with middle esophageal lesions were more likely to experience pain (4.25 v. 0.5, P = 0.038) and drowsiness (2.5 v. 0, P = 0.022), but no statistically significant relationships were seen for those with distal or cervical lesions. Women (4.75 vs. 0.50, P = 0.02) and unmarried individuals (4.5 v. 0.5, P = 0.021) were more likely to have a worse appetite while those who died were more likely to experience constipation (2.5 v. 0, P = 0.005). Male gender, married status, histology, and remaining alive after treatment did not demonstrate any associations that were statistically significant.
The strongest correlation between symptoms were found between depression and spiritual pain (tb 0.645, P < 0.001). Shortness of breath was correlated with the most symptoms, including pain (0.373, P = 0.005), tiredness (0.283, P = 0.027), anxiety (0.314, P = 0.022), depression (0.462, P = 0.001), drowsiness (0.424, P = 0.002), appetite (0.298, P = 0.023), overall well-being (0.299, P = 0.023), and spiritual pain (0.342, P = 0.018).
There is a paucity of studies discussing clinical characteristics and their relationship with ESAS scores. One study discussed the likelihood of severe symptom burden based on clinical characteristics and elapsed time after diagnosis while establishing the prevalence of various symptoms assessed using ESAS as a whole, but did not correlate symptoms with one another or with clinical characteristics,11 while others have been solely focused on patients undergoing palliative care.17,18 Additional studies have targeted the use of different PRO surveys and their association with T-stage,19 to compare patient-reported quality of life between patients receiving CRT and surgery vs surgery alone,20 to compare quality of life between patients receiving palliative brachytherapy and external beam radiotherapy,21 to determine impact of treatment on quality of life,22-24 and prognosis and/or survival25-28 in patients with esophageal cancer. None of these studies have discussed the association of distinct clinical characteristics with ESAS scores and, therefore, symptoms in those patients receiving CRT for esophageal cancer.
Studies such as this one may inform a patient’s potential for a variety of symptoms and provide proactive, personalized treatment tailored to the individual. We note that self-reporting of ESAS pain and drowsiness was only significant in patients with middle esophageal cancer, indicating that patients with esophageal cancer in different disease locations may demonstrate variability in self-reported symptoms as a function of the site of lesions. This variability may also point to differing risk for impairments in quality of life and care needs. For instance, some patients undergoing treatment may need pain medications due to treatment side effects or from the cancer itself. These medications tend to cause drowsiness and a host of other adverse effects, so those taking pain medications regularly are likely to experience more tiredness in their everyday life during treatment.
Additionally, some patients may encounter nutritional deficiencies due to treatment effects such as nausea or dysphagia. Patients who experience nausea, especially if it is refractory to antiemetic medication, may not be able to eat as much in terms of volume and variety of foods. In such cases, they may not have enough intake of calories or nutrients to sustain the energy levels they are used to.29,30 Patients in this study experienced a median weight loss of 3.5% from their pre-treatment weight during treatment, demonstrating possible difficulty maintaining the proper level of nutrition. Additionally, if a tumor is obstructing a portion of the esophagus, they may have difficulty eating foods of a specific type or texture, which can lead to similar sequalae.
Other factors contributing to a patient’s experience during treatment include various lifestyle changes. Smoking and alcohol use are two major risk factors for esophageal cancer. Unfortunately, while some patients may stop these activities during and even after treatment, others continue these behaviors throughout treatment.31 This can lead to a worsening of side effects during treatment, including increasing odynophagia, which can also lead to nutritional problems since this would likely be exacerbated while eating. These variables were not studied in our patient cohort so we cannot comment on their relevancy to our findings.
Another factor to consider is the level of support a patient may have. A patient with a robust support system may be able to better adjust to the changes observed when undergoing treatment.32 Friends or family who prepare meals for them, perform household work, help them make lifestyle changes, and provide emotional support may drastically lift some of the burden on these patients so that they can focus their energy on healing rather than continuing to expend energy on other tasks. Including such additional factors was beyond the scope of this project but future work is planned to incorporate variables relating to the degree of support.
As the reliability and predictability of PROs linked to specific diagnoses such as EsoCa are confirmed, PROs may become important tools for clinicians to help plan treatments and supportive care. While intriguing, this retrospective analysis should be interpreted cautiously. Nevertheless, further analysis with other large PRO libraries is indicated to validate these findings.
McDonald J, Sim AJ, Frakes JM, Yu HM, Nanda RH, Portman D, Hoffe SE, Jim HSL, Johnstone PAS. The Role of Patient Reported Outcomes in Esophageal Cancer Patients Receiving Chemoradiation Therapy. Appl Rad Oncol. 2021;10(2):22-25.
Ms. McDonald is a medical student, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL. Dr. Sim is a PGY4 resident physician; Dr. Frakes is an assistant member and residency director of radiation oncology; Dr. Yu is a senior member; Dr. Nanda is an assistant member; Dr. Portman is an associate professor and department chair of supportive care medicine;>Dr. Hoffe is a senior member, professor, and section head of GI Radiation Oncology; and Dr. Johnstone is a professor and the interim chair, all in Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL. Dr. Jim is co-leader and senior member, Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL. Disclosure: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. None of the authors received outside funding for the production of this original manuscript and no part of this article has been previously published elsewhere, although the abstract was published for a poster presentation as referenced: McDonald J, Sim AJ, Frakes JM, et al. The role of patient reported outcomes (PRO) in esophageal cancer (EsoCa) patients receiving radiotherapy (RT). 2020. American Radium Society 102nd Annual Meeting, (In-person poster presentation prevented by cancellation of the meeting due to COVID-19.) Intl J Radiat Oncol, Biol, Phys. 2020;108(2):E64-66. The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
